With increasing cytokine concentrations, especially inflammatory cytokines, a devastating response can negatively affect the respiratory system. Which are usually characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokine release, epithelial cell damage, airway remodeling, and pulmonary tissue fibrosis.ĭysregulation of the inflammatory response in the respiratory system, which is a significant cause of these diseases, is mediated by a complex intercellular interaction with concentration‐dependent regulation of various cytokines (especially inflammatory factors). Respiratory inflammatory diseases include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma, However, owing to air pollution, smoking, population aging, and other factors, the incidence rate of respiratory diseases, especially respiratory inflammatory diseases, has increased, imposing a great financial burden on both national healthcare systems and citizens. The respiratory system plays a significant role in gas exchange, immune function, metabolism, and endocrine functions. Abbreviations ALI acute lung injury ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome AT adipose tissue BM bone marrow BM‐MSCs bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell CCR5 CC‐chemokine receptor 5 CM computational modeling COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COVID‐19 coronavirus disease 2019 CS cigarette smoke CXCR3 CXC‐chemokine receptor 3 EPA eicosapentarnoic acid ERK extracellular signal‐regulated kinase EVs extracellular vesicles FasL Fas ligand IA intraarterial IC intracoronary IGF insulin‐like growth IL interleukin IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis iPSC induced pluripotent stem cell IV intravenous KC keratinocyte‐derived chemokine KGF keratinocyte growth factor MAPK mitogen‐activated protein kinase miRNA microRNA MMP matrix metalloproteinase MSCs mesenchymal stem cells MVs microvesicles NK natural killer OS overlap syndrome OVA ovalbumin SDF‐1 stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 TNF tumor necrosis factor UC‐MSCs umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells UCTD umbilical cord tissue source VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
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